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Born September 8, 1157, Richard the Lionheart was the third legitimate son of King Henry II of England. A statue of Richard the Lionheart still stands outside the Palace of Westminster in London, while his seal is seen as the first instance where the three lions were used before becoming the Royal Arms of England. He was buried according to his wishes at the feet of his father, Henry II, at Fontevraud and his heart buried at Rouen alongside his brother Henry. Blondel was a minstrel who had composed a love song with Richard and he went around Europe singing this song in an attempt to locate his King. He refused to return her dowry, but changed his position and released Joanna when Richard once again showed why the Lionheart tag was well earned as he took the city of Messina. His brain and entrails were bequeathed to an abbey at Charroux on the border of Poitou and Limousin. Often believed to have been the favorite son of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Richard had three older siblings, William (who died in infancy), Henry, and Matilda, as well as four younger: Geoffrey, Lenora, Joan, and John. He was joined by Phillip II, but the voyage to the Holy Lands was anything but straightforward. The wound became infected and after falling ill Richard the Lionheart died on the 6th April 1199. With supplies short and sickness in the ranks it became all too evident that they would not be able to take Jerusalem and Richard agreed a truce with Saladin. Richard returned to England upon his release, but within a month was back in France. His eldest son, known as Henry the Young King, wanted more independence and now, as heir to the throne after the early death of the first born son William, he rebelled against his father. He was imprisoned in the castle of Durrenstein by Leopold V who Richard had insulted at Acre when throwing Leopold’s standard from the wall. The new king, crowned Richard I, immediately turned his attention to the Third Crusade following the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187. In June 1191, Richard the Lionheart finally arrived in the Holy Land. As well as his inheritance Richard was also betrothed to Alys who was the daughter of King Louis VII of France. Richard the Lionheart was born on September 8, 1157, in Oxford, England. Richard joined the rebellion, as did another brother Geoffrey. Yet his military command on the continent and in the Third Crusade earned him admiration at home. Yet old family habits die hard and when King Henry II wanted Richard to give up Aquitane to his younger brother John, he once again rebelled against his father, paying homage to the French king’s son Phillip II in return for assistance. Richard I, also known as Richard the Lionheart, was the King of England from 1189 to 1199. The one constant in his life was the mutual devotion between Richard and his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and he was invested the inheritance of her lands from an early age. It was also on Sicily where King Richard slighted Phillip II, to whose sister he was still betrothed, informing him he actually intended to marry Princess Berengaria of Navarre who was being escorted to the island by Richard's mother. Legend has it that Christendom was only made aware where Richard was being held when Blondel heard a part of the song sung back by the King through a window of his prison. During his lifetime he held a number of further titles including Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine and Duke of Gascon, all English territorial interests in France at the time. Unfortunately visitors to Oxford will not be able to see the palace where he was born which has long gone, but a plaque in Beaumont Street commemorates where the palace once stood near the present site of Worcester College. Richard seems to have been Eleanor’s favourite and she took him with her on a visit to Normandy when Richard was aged 8. He was the third son born to King Henry II and Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, and as such he would probably not have expected to ascend to the throne. In a crusade dominated by personal feuds and arguments, Phillip II decided to head home following the fall of Acre. It was while besieging the castle of Chalus-Chabrol over a disputed trove of unearthed Roman gold that Richard was hit in the shoulder by a crossbow bolt. His early childhood was most likely spent in England and constituted a major proportion of the total time he spent in the country throughout his life. At the age of 11 Richard was given control of the Duchy of Aquitaine and three years later in 1172 was invested in his mother’s inheritance of both Aquitaine and Poitou. The size of the ransom raised and the speed in which it was done in order to free Richard may be a testament to how he was considered. King Richard’s family were safe but prisoners and goods were taken from other ships under the watch of the island’s ruler Isaac Comnenus.

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