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[174] Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its Cold War allies US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism, and supported its suppression. [387] Mandela was influenced by Marxism, and during the revolution he advocated scientific socialism. He only started studying again through the University of London after his imprisonment in 1962 but also did not complete that degree. [50] He later stated that he experienced no epiphany, but that he "simply found [himself] doing so, and could not do otherwise. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party (SACP). Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940, Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949, Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954, Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961, Victor Verster Prison and release: 1988–1990, Continued activism and philanthropy: 1999–2004, Orders, decorations, monuments, and honours, Mandela used the spelling Rolihlahla, see for example, The text of Mandela's speech can be found at, the passes that they were legally obliged to carry, University of London International Programmes, Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding, Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa, Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa, attacked the Kempton Park World Trade Centre, South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation, List of awards and honours bestowed upon Nelson Mandela, Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, "SACP statement on the passing away of Madiba", "SACP confirms Nelson Mandela was a member", "Ex-CIA spy admits tip led to Nelson Mandela's long imprisonment", "Mandela's response to being offered freedom", "Nelson Mandela's address to Rally in Cape Town on his Release from Prison", "This Day in History: April 27, 1994: South Africa holds first multiracial elections", "Mandela becomes SA's first black president", "How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup", "Healing inequalities: The free health care policy", "Land Reform Policies in South Africa Compare To Human Rights Internationally", "No. In South Africa, Mandela is most commonly referred to as Madiba which was the name of the Thembu clan from which Nelson Mandela came to be. Becoming chairman of the militant group, Mandela gained ideas from literature on guerrilla warfare by Marxist militants Mao and Che Guevara as well as from the military theorist Carl von Clausewitz. Men and women of all races found themselves in the dock in the marathon trial that only ended when the last 28 accused, including Mandela, were acquitted on 29 March 1961. He later stated that he did not join the party because its atheism conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw the South African struggle as being racially based rather than as class warfare. [375] When endorsing violence, he did so because he saw no alternative, and was always pragmatic about it, perceiving it as a means to get his opponent to the negotiating table. [189], Mandela's 70th birthday in July 1988 attracted international attention, including a tribute concert at London's Wembley Stadium that was televised and watched by an estimated 200 million viewers. That speech—which was inspired by Castro's "History Will Absolve Me"—was widely reported in the press despite official censorship. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as the president of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. In keeping with earlier agreements, both de Klerk and Thabo Mbeki were given the position of Deputy President. Justice Minister Kobie Coetsee visited him in hospital. [162] In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhorst became commanding officer. On the day of Mandela’s death, Zuma released a statement speaking to Mandela's legacy: "Wherever we are in the country, wherever we are in the world, let us reaffirm his vision of a society ... in which none is exploited, oppressed or dispossessed by another," he said. A friend once asked me how I could reconcile my creed of African nationalism with a belief in dialectical materialism. He was arrested in a police roadblock outside Howick on 5 August while returning from KwaZulu-Natal, where he had briefed ANC President Chief Albert Luthuli about his trip. Xuma did not support these measures and was removed from the presidency in a vote of no confidence, replaced by James Moroka and a more militant executive committee containing Sisulu, Mda, Tambo, and Godfrey Pitje. As a black political prisoner, he received scantier rations and fewer privileges than other inmates. [158] His mother visited in 1968, dying shortly after, and his firstborn son Thembi died in a car accident the following year; Mandela was forbidden from attending either funeral. [409] He typically spoke slowly, and carefully chose his words. The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved blacks, often dealing with cases of police brutality. [483] The first was Fatima Meer's Higher Than Hope, which was heavily influenced by Winnie and thus placed great emphasis on Mandela's family. [315] Although opinion polls in South Africa showed wavering support for both the ANC and the government, Mandela himself remained highly popular, with 80% of South Africans polled in 1999 expressing satisfaction with his performance as president. [61] In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare Trust. [219] Following the Boipatong massacre of ANC activists by government-aided Inkatha militants, Mandela called off the negotiations, before attending a meeting of the Organisation of African Unity in Senegal, at which he called for a special session of the UN Security Council and proposed that a UN peacekeeping force be stationed in South Africa to prevent "state terrorism". [300] In 1996, he was appointed chairman of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and initiated unsuccessful negotiations to end the First Congo War in Zaire. [207] Encouraging foreign countries to support sanctions against the apartheid government, he met President François Mitterrand in France, Pope John Paul II in the Vatican, and Thatcher in the United Kingdom. The action was not authorised by Mandela himself, who was out of the country at the time, but by Buthelezi, who was serving as acting president during Mandela's absence. [247] He often entertained celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls, and befriended ultra-rich businessmen, like Harry Oppenheimer of Anglo-American. Madiba was the name of a Thembu chief who ruled in the Transkei in the 18th century. He was arrested and imprisoned in 1962, and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment for conspiring to overthrow the state following the Rivonia Trial. The ANC forced her to step down from the national executive for misappropriating ANC funds; Mandela moved into the mostly white Johannesburg suburb of Houghton. Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional president in October. [79], In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint Defiance Campaign against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers. [120][121], —Statement released by MK to announce the start of their sabotage campaign[122], Operating through a cell structure, MK planned to carry out acts of sabotage that would exert maximum pressure on the government with minimum casualties; they sought to bomb military installations, power plants, telephone lines, and transport links at night, when civilians were not present. Why this particular name I have no idea. [271] In adopting this approach, Mandela's government adhered to the "Washington consensus" advocated by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. [242][243] Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for the job, Mandela grew to rely heavily on him throughout his presidency, allowing him to shape policy details. He declined a second presidential term and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. [439] Mandela married his third wife, Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in July 1998. The charter was adopted at a June 1955 conference in Kliptown; 3,000 delegates attended the event, which was forcibly closed down by police. [128] He left Africa for London, England, where he met anti-apartheid activists, reporters, and prominent politicians. On February 11, 1990, he ordered Mandela’s release, Upon his release from prison, Nelson Mandela immediately urged foreign powers not to reduce their pressure on the South African government for constitutional reform. On 31 March 1982 Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison in Cape Town with Sisulu, Mhlaba and Mlangeni. [384] He was an admirer of British-style parliamentary democracy,[370] stating that "I regard the British Parliament as the most democratic institution in the world, and the independence and impartiality of its judiciary never fail to arouse my admiration.

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