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1  It eliminates all border controls between members. Four non-EU countries, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland have adopted the Schengen Agreement. The ECSC created a free-trade area for several key economic and military resources: coal, coke, steel, scrap, and iron ore. To manage the ECSC, the treaty established several supranational institutions: a High Authority to administrate, a Council of Ministers to legislate, a Common Assembly to formulate policy, and a Court of Justice to interpret the treaty and to resolve related disputes. Initially, these reforms included the introduction of set-aside in 1988, where a proportion of farm land was deliberately withdrawn from production, milk quotas and, more recently, the 'de-coupling' (or disassociation) of the money farmers receive from the EU and the amount they produce (by the Fischler reforms in 2004). Mitigating climate change is one of the top priorities of EU environmental policy. [64] Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum. There may be police checks, based on police information and experience, that are not equivalent to border checks. 16–22). [248], The EU has five key points in its energy policy: increase competition in the internal market, encourage investment and boost interconnections between electricity grids; diversify energy resources with better systems to respond to a crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy co-operation with Russia while improving relations with energy-rich states in Central Asia[249] and North Africa; use existing energy supplies more efficiently while increasing renewable energy commercialisation; and finally increase funding for new energy technologies. [90], The European Union has 24 official languages: Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, and Swedish. [274], Basic education is an area where the EU's role is limited to supporting national governments. [159] The Parliament uses this to decide whether to approve the commission's handling of the budget. "The Treaty of Lisbon." The same year, Slovenia adopted the euro,[72] followed in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta, by Slovakia in 2009, by Estonia in 2011, by Latvia in 2014, and by Lithuania in 2015. It provides support for the development, promotion and distribution of European works within Europe and beyond. The EU offers financial assistance to countries within the European Neighbourhood, so long as they meet the strict conditions of government reform, economic reform and other issues surrounding positive transformation. Russia's Mixed Economy and How Pipeline Politics Holds the EU Hostage, euro's value is compared to the U.S. dollar. The 27 Commissioners as a single body are subject to approval (or otherwise) by vote of the European Parliament. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as "pooling of sovereignty".[119][120]. These included the Working Time Directive and the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (currently Josep Borrell) also takes part in its meetings. [209] Frontex is an agency of the EU established to manage the cooperation between national border guards securing its external borders.

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