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[20]:109–23, Today, residents of Appalachia are viewed by many Americans as uneducated and unrefined, resulting in culture-based stereotyping and discrimination in many areas, including employment and housing. The commission's efforts helped to stem the tide of outmigration and diversify the region's economies. Trende notes that neither Al Gore nor John Kerry won West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, or Arkansas. It refers to the mountain range and the hills and plateau region around it. Billings, Dwight, and Kathleen Blee, "African-American Families and Communities". This left large parts of the region virtually isolated and slowing economic growth. By the mid 18th century the French had outposts such as Fort Duquesne and Fort Le Boeuf controlling the access points of the Allegheny River valley and upper Ohio valley after exploration by Celeron de Bienville. Some of the feuds were continuations of violent local Civil War episodes. By 1990, Appalachia had largely joined the economic mainstream, but still lagged behind the rest of the nation in most economic indicators. [17] By the time English explorers arrived in Appalachia in the late 17th century, the central part of the region was controlled by Algonquian tribes (namely the Shawnee) and the southern part of the region was controlled by the Cherokee. The establishment of national parks in the 1930s brought an explosion of tourist traffic to the region, but created problems with urban sprawl in the various host communities. [24] A similar effort occurred in East Tennessee, but the initiative failed after Tennessee's governor ordered the Confederate Army to occupy the region, forcing East Tennessee's Unionists to flee to the north or go into hiding. [33] Trende argues these narratives are deeply flawed. In 1963, John F. Kennedy established the President's Appalachian Regional Commission. De Soto indicated that much of the region west of the mountains was part of the domain of Coosa, a paramount chiefdom centered around a village complex in northern Georgia. Before the Civil War, major cities in the region were connected via wagon roads to lowland areas, and flatboats provided an important means for transporting goods out of the region. Instead of representing the zenith of the New Deal coalition, Trende argues that Lyndon Johnson's 1964 election victory instead served as a harbinger for the future of the Democratic Party voter coalition which included continued support from Greater Appalachia. The study found that the extractive industries, i.e., timber, coal, etc., were "greatly underassessed for property tax purposes. [57] Hillary Clinton won all of the Greater Appalachia states except Missouri in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries. Appalachia (/ˌæpəˈleɪtʃə, -leɪʃə, -lætʃə/) is a cultural region in the Eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of New York State to northern Alabama and Georgia. Notable cities within Appalachia include: An estimated 90%[63] of Appalachia's earliest European settlers originated from the Anglo-Scottish border country—namely the English counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, Northumberland, County Durham, Lancashire and Yorkshire, and the Lowland Scottish counties of Ayrshire, Dumfriesshire, Roxburghshire, Berwickshire and Wigtownshire. [7] Edgar Allan Poe later took up the idea, and considered Appalachia a much better name than America or Alleghania; he thought it better defined the United States as a distinct geographical entity, separate from the rest of the Americas, and he also thought it did honor to both Irving and the natives who the Appalachian Mountains had been named after. Now that list has been cut by more than half, to 82 counties, but these are "hard-core" pockets of poverty, seemingly impervious to all efforts at improving their lot. The Appalachians today are the worn-down remains of a once huge mountain chain. Perhaps no single figure symbolizes the Appalachian pioneer more than Daniel Boone (1734–1820), a long hunter and surveyor instrumental in the early settlement of Kentucky and Tennessee. Obermiller, Phillip J., Thomas E. Wagner, and E. Bruce Tucker, editors (2000). [95], Coal mining is the industry most frequently associated with the region in outsiders' minds,[96][97] due in part to the fact that the region once produced two-thirds of the nation's coal. In recent decades, the concept of sustainable agriculture has been applied to the region's small farms, with some success. The study covered 80 counties in six states approximating the area designated "Southern Appalachia" as defined by Thomas R. Ford's 1962 work. The transition from an agrarian society to an industrial society and its effects on Appalachia are captured in works such as Olive Tilford Dargan's Call Home to the Heart (1932), Agnes Sligh Turnbull's The Rolling Years (1936), James Still's The River of Earth (1940), Harriette Simpson Arnow's The Dollmaker (1954), and Harry Caudill's Night Comes to the Cumberlands (1962). Members can access discounts and special features. [122], The effort to connect Appalachia with the outside world has required numerous civil engineering feats. A relatively large proportion of the early backcountry immigrants were Ulster Scots—later known as "Scotch-Irish"— who were seeking cheaper land and freedom from Quaker leaders, many of whom considered the Scotch-Irish "savages". Railroad construction between the 1880s and early 20th century gave the greater nation access to the vast coalfields in central Appalachia, making the economy in that part of the region practically synonymous with coal mining. [79] The Southern Appalachian dialect is considered part of the Southern American dialect,[80][81] although the two are distinguished by the rhotic nature of the Appalachian dialect. [85], Early Appalachian literature typically centered on the observations of people from outside the region, such as Henry Timberlake's Memoirs (1765) and Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia (1784), although there are notable exceptions, including Davy Crockett's A Narrative of the Life of Davy Crockett (1834). By 1900, railroads connected most of the region with the rest of the nation, although the poor roads made travel beyond railroad hubs difficult. [106] The region is home to one of the world's most well-known hiking trails (the Appalachian Trail), the nation's most-visited national park (the Great Smoky Mountains National Park),[108] and the nation's most visited national parkway (the Blue Ridge Parkway). [7]:11–14 However, many of these Unionists—especially in the mountain areas of North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama—were "conditional" Unionists in that they opposed secession, but also opposed violence to prevent secession, and thus when their respective state legislatures voted to secede, their support shifted to the Confederacy. [7]:187–193 The breakdown of authority and law enforcement during the Civil War may have contributed to an increase in clan feuding, which by the 1880s was reported to be a problem across most of Kentucky's Cumberland region as well as Carter County in Tennessee, Carroll County in Virginia, and Mingo and Logan counties in West Virginia. The Appalachian mining industry also saw some of the nation's bloodiest labor strife between the 1890s and the 1930s. [7]:11–14, Native American hunter-gatherers first arrived in what is now Appalachia over 16,000 years ago. [69] The coal mining and manufacturing boom in the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought large numbers of Italians and Eastern Europeans to Appalachia, although most of these families left the region when the Great Depression shattered the economy in the 1930s. Hotels in Appalachian Mountains Flights to Appalachian Mountains Things to do in Appalachian Mountains Car Rentals in Appalachian Mountains Appalachian Mountains Vacation Packages. In 1984, Karl Raitz and Richard Ulack expanded the ARC's definition to include 445 counties in 13 states, although they removed all counties in Mississippi and added two in New Jersey. [87] Before the introduction of modern agricultural techniques in the region in the 1930s and 1940s, many Appalachian farmers followed the Biblical tradition of planting by "the signs", such as the phases of the moon, or when certain weather conditions occurred. [102] Another Pittsburgh company, Alcoa, helped establish the nation's aluminum industry in the early 20th century, and has had a significant impact on the economies of western Pennsylvania and east Tennessee. The economy of Appalachia traditionally rested on agriculture, mining, timber, and in the cities, manufacturing. [117] In 11 counties the top ten absentee landowners own 41% to almost 72% of the private land in each county.[118]. Cincinnati's WLW also was relied on by many in the central and northern areas of Appalachia. [21], By 1860, the Whig Party had disintegrated. At present, however, the mining industry employs just 2% of the Appalachian workforce. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appalachian_Mountains&oldid=7112950, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License, Point of interest: The Appalachian National Scenic Trail in the US is about 3,500km (2,190 miles) long and travels through 14 states from. They are partly in Canada, but mostly in the United States. The mineral-rich mountain springs of the Appalachians—which for many years were thought to have health-restoring qualities—were drawing visitors to the region as early as the 18th century with the establishment of resorts at Hot Springs, Virginia, White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, and what is now Hot Springs, North Carolina. Like Boone, Appalachian pioneers moved into areas largely separated from "civilization" by high mountain ridges, and had to fend for themselves against the elements. Appalachian music saw a resurgence in popularity during the American folk music revival of the 1960s, when musicologists such as Mike Seeger, John Cohen, and Ralph Rinzler traveled to remote parts of the region in search of musicians unaffected by modern music. [22] Pittsburgh as well as Knoxville grew into major industrial centers, especially regarding iron and steel production. DeYoung, Alan, Introduction to Education section. 2516, A BILL TO ESTABLISH PENALTIES FOR INTERFERENCE WITH CIVIL RIGHTS. Beginning in the 1930s, the federal government sought to alleviate poverty in the Appalachian region with a series of New Deal initiatives, such as the construction of dams to provide cheap electricity and the implementation of better farming practices. Mechanization of coal mining during the 1950s and 1960s was the major source of unemployment in central Appalachia. Such discrimination has prompted some to seek redress under prevailing federal and state civil rights laws. The federal government owns 1,133,587 acres in West Virginia, 7.4% of the total state acreage of 15,410,560 acres. They form an area from 100 to 300 miles wide, running 1,500 miles from the island of Newfoundland in Canada to central Alabama in the United States. Thomas Walker's discovery of the Cumberland Gap in 1750 and the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 lured settlers deeper into the mountains, namely to upper east Tennessee, northwestern North Carolina, upstate South Carolina, and central Kentucky. Large tunnels were built through mountain slopes at Cumberland Gap to speed up travel along U.S. Route 25E. [90] Ghost stories native to the region include the story of the Greenbrier Ghost, which is rooted in a Greenbrier County, West Virginia, murder.[87].

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